Gender differences in psychological factors shaping smoking decisions of Chilean adolescents

This study examined gender differences in how internalizing and externalizing symptoms affect adolescents’ decisions about smoking in Chile, where girls smoke at some of the highest rates in the world. In multivariate logistic regression analyses with 607 adolescents, internalizing symptoms, such as depressed mood and anxiety, predicted smoking among girls more than boys, with girls who were low in internalizing symptoms being more likely to smoke than those who were high in internalizing symptoms. In Chile’s high-risk context, internalizing symptoms may be indirectly protective for girls by decreasing their exposure to peer pressure and related influences that encourage cigarette use.The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was funded by the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse (Grant R01-DA-022720). (R01-DA-022720 - U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse)http://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5014729&blobtype=pdfhttp://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC5014729&blobtype=pdfAccepted manuscrip

Identity‐Based Motivation: Implications for Health and Health Disparities

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/107506/1/josi12056.pd

Improving Academic Effort and Achievement among Low-income Minority Youth Using Small Scale Interventions.

The dissertation uses a contemporary motivation theory, identity-based motivation, to predict when and how motivation can be leveraged to improve attainment among low-income, minority students. Identity-based motivation theory predicts that people prefer to act in identity-congruent ways but are sensitive to contextual cues that influence which identities come to mind, what these identities mean in context, and how difficulty is interpreted (e.g., Are people like me succeeding? When I experience difficulty with schoolwork, does that mean the work is impossible or important?). Following these predictions, the first paper examines gender as a identity that can be framed as congruent or incongruent with achievement success to increase or decrease motivation. In the second paper, I turn to interpretations of difficulty in the classroom and show that contextual cues about difficulty can improve or undermine motivation depending on whether students accept or reject the messages they communicate. Lastly, the third paper attempts to leverage students' and professionals' past experiences of success despite difficulty to promote interpretations of difficulty that support motivation in response to difficult tasks in the present. The final chapter provides a theoretical synthesis across these three papers and considers the implications of these results for intervention and policy to encourage student motivation and success.PhDSocial Work and PsychologyUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/108857/1/kelmore_1.pd

Mistake Detection Videos to Improve Students’ Motivation in Math

This article describes the design case of an instructional experience incorporating videos of mistakes for students to practice mistake detection and recovery skills. Learning from mistakes is often encouraged, but students may need prac- tical support to address them e ectively. The intention of this design is to facilitate adaptive cognitive and emotional responses to handling mistakes. This article documents two distinct but related formats of a mistake recovery design: a personal video recording and pre-recorded videos featuring fourth grade mathematics. These two formats evolved from personal experiences to become a classroom intervention. We trace this design process including the context, theory, and implementation experiences that shaped the design and discuss unforeseen obstacles and design alterations that arose during this process

An Exhumed Late Paleozoic Canyon in the Rocky Mountains

Landscapes are thought to be youthful, particularly those of active orogenic belts. Unaweep Canyon in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, a large gorge drained by two opposite‐flowing creeks, is an exception. Its origin has long been enigmatic, but new data indicate that it is an exhumed late Paleozoic landform. Its survival within a region of profound late Paleozoic orogenesis demands a reassessment of tectonic models for the Ancestral Rocky Mountains, and its form and genesis have significant implications for understanding late Paleozoic equatorial climate. This discovery highlights the utility of paleogeomorphology as a tectonic and climatic indicator

AI/AN Children with Asthma or Respiratory-Related Illness and Exposure to Household Air Pollution in North America: A Systematic Review

The impact of household air quality on asthma or respiratory disease development remains unclear. Asthma is the most common chronic disease in children and acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children globally. AI/AN children are a population identified as living with a high prevalence of asthma, an estimated 13.3%, compared to children in different racial groups within the United States. This study examined all relevant human data evaluating a link between household air pollution exposure and development of asthma or respiratory-related illnesses (RRI). The examination of relevant data meant to evaluate household air pollution exposure and disease development among a Native or Indigenous population for a possible association. The study identified and reviewed relevant epidemiologic study articles from 1950 to 2016 using a database search algorithm. Each study was reviewed by quality and bias assessment criteria and pertinent data extracted. 11 articles were identified, reviewed, and analyzed. There is evidence in epidemiologic studies that increased exposure to household air pollutants is associated with asthma and RRI. However, study design and exposure measurements within the studies fitting inclusion criteria were highly varied and most used small samples of convenience; therefore, this study could not adequately determine an association between household air pollution and asthma among the AI/AN population. The research did determine a deficiency of community-based participatory research practices within the study populations, as well as evidence-based exposure assessments. Additional studies are needed to examine the effects of household air pollution within this population. In addition to rural locations, urban environments must be assessed for AI/AN asthma risk factors. Conducting high quality, community-based participatory research practices must be utilized when working with AI/AN communities; this is imperative to produce replicable data necessary to enhance the health of this marginalized population